Open accesscreativecommonsPeer reviewed/Research article
Published online: December 2021

Accounting and reporting for co-operatives: A UK perspective.

Ian Adderley, Elisavet Mantzari,ORCID Maureen McCulloch,ORCID and Daphne RixonORCID

Vol 54(3), pp. 45-57

https://doi.org/10.61869/KJVX8091

How to cite this article: Adderley, I. Mantzari, E., McCulloch, M., & Rixon, D. (2021). Accounting and reporting for co-operatives: A UK perspective. Journal of Co-operative Studies, 54(3), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.61869/KJVX8091

Abstract

This paper reflects on the need for an accounting and reporting framework for co-operatives in the UK. We consider the current state of accounting in the co-operative sector and set out the arguments for a co-operative accounting Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) at entity and sector level, broadly and in some practical detail. We argue that the development of a co-operative SORP could contribute to our understanding of whether the definition, purpose and principles of co-operatives are being met. A co-operative SORP would allow both private (member) and public benefit to be pursued at the same time, make the sector more visible, and enable cross-sector comparisons for the whole movement. Such a framework would also offer clearer means for policymakers, regulators, funders, and others to identify and target support to provide equal treatment for co-operatives. The paper concludes by offering some preliminary action points on how to take the SORP project further.


PDF

References

Adderley, I. (2018). Co-operatives, the state and moral hazard. International Journal of Co-operative Law, 1(1), 208–215. https://iuscooperativum.org/issues/

Alcock, D., & Mills, C. (2017). Co-operation for the common good. Anthony Collins Solicitors LLP. https://www.anthonycollins.com/media/2532/co-operation-for-the-common-good-updated.pdf

Birchall, J. (2005). Co-operative principles ten years on. Review of International Co-operation, 98(2), 45–63. https://ccr.ica.coop/en/review-international-cooperation

Birchall, J. (2012). The comparative advantages of member-owned businesses. Review of Social Economy, 70(3), 263–294.https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2011.632326

CEARC (n.d.). About us. Centre of Excellence in Accounting and Reporting for Co-operatives. Retrieved 15 January 2021 from https://www.smu.ca/academics/sobey/cearc-about-us.html

CEARC (2021). Co-operative performance indicators. Centre of Excellence in Accounting and Reporting for Co-operatives. https://www.smu.ca/academics/sobey/co-operative-performance-indicators.html

Companies House (2019, August 1). Official statistics. Companies register activities: 2018 to 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/companies-register-activities-statistical-release-2018-to-2019/companies-register-activities-2018-to-2019

Companies House (2021, March 29). Guidance incorporation and names. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/incorporation-and-names

Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act (2014). UK General Public Acts. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/14/contents

Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies and Credit Unions Act (2010). UK statutory instruments. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/7/contents

Co-operatives UK (n.d.). Co‑operative performance committee. Co-operatives UK. Retrieved 15 January 2021 from https://www.uk.coop/about-us/our-governance/member-groups/co-operative-performancecommittee

Co-operatives UK (2017). Narrative reporting. A framework & guidance for co-operatives. Co-operatives UK. https://www.uk.coop/resources/narrative-reporting-framework-co-operatives

Co-operatives UK (2019). Key performance indicators. A framework & guidance for co-operatives. Co‑operatives UK. https://www.uk.coop/resources/key-performance-indicators-kpi-framework-guidance-co-operatives

Co-operatives UK (2021). Organisation data [Data set, June 28, 2021]. Co-operatives UK. https://www.uk.coop/resources/open-data

Corporation Tax Act (2009). UK General Public Acts. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/4/contents

Côté, D. (2000). Co-operatives and the new millennium: the emergence of a new paradigm. In B. Fairbairn & N. Russell (Eds.). Canadian co-operatives in the year 2000: Memory, mutual aid and the millennium (pp. 250–267). Centre for the Study of Co-operatives.

Crawford, L., Morgan, G. G., & Cordery, C. J. (2018). Accountability and not-for-profit organisations: Implications for developing international financial reporting standards. Financial Accountability & Management, 34(2), 181–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12146

Cruz, I., Stahel, A., & Max-Neef, M. (2009). Towards a systemic development approach: Building on the human-scale development paradigm. Ecological Economics, 68(7), 2021–2030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.004

Fairbairn, B. (2004). Cohesion, adhesion and identities in co-operatives. In B. Fairbairn & N. Russell (Eds.). Co-operative membership and globalisation (pp. 18–50). Centre for the Study of Co‑operatives.

Financial Conduct Authority (2015). Guidance on the FCA’s registration function under the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014. FCA. https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/finalised-guidance/fg15-12.pdf

Financial Conduct Authority (2021, May 26). Mutual societies registration function: 2020-21. FCA. https://www.fca.org.uk/publications/corporate-documents/mutual-societies-registration-function-2020-21

Financial Reporting Council (2021). Statements of Recommended Practice (SORPs) . FCA. https://www.frc.org.uk/accountants/accounting-and-reporting-policy/uk-accounting-standards/statements-ofrecommended-practice-(sorps)

Henrÿ, H. (2012). International Labour Office guidelines for cooperative legislation (3rd ed.). International Labour Organisation. https://www.ilo.org/publications/guidelines-cooperative-legislation-third-revised-edition

HM Revenue & Customs (2021, October 29). BIM24015 — Meaning of trade: Mutual trading and members clubs: introduction: basic considerations: contents. Business Income Manual [HMRC Internal Manual]. https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/business-income-manual/updates

International Co-operative Alliance (2015). Guidance Notes to the Co-operative Principles. ICA. https://ccr.ica.coop/en/media/library/research-and-reviews/guidance-notes-cooperative-principles

International Co-operative Alliance (2018a). Cooperative identity, values & principles. ICA. https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity

International Co-operative Alliance (2018b). What is a cooperative? ICA. https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/what-is-a-cooperative

International Co-operative Alliance (2019a). Developing accounting standards for co-operatives. ICA. https://ica.coop/en/media/library/resolutions-and-declarations/motion-developing-accounting-standards-cooperatives

International Co-operative Alliance (2019b). Official meeting documentation. General Assembly, ICA, 17 October, Kigali, Rwanda. https://test.ica.coop/en/previous-general-assemblies-and-congresses

ILO (2017). R193-Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 (No. 193) . Normlex. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R193

Kalmi, P. (2007). The disappearance of cooperatives from economics textbooks. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 31(4), 625–647. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bem005

Killian, S. & O’Regan, P. (2020). Accounting, the public interest and the common good. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 67–68, Article 102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2019.102144

Limnios, E. M., Mazzarol, T., Soutar, G. N. & Siddique, K.H., (2018). The member wears four hats: A member identification framework for co-operative enterprises. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, 6(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2018.03.003

López-Espinosa, G., Maddocks, J., & Polo-Garrido, F. (2009). Equity-liabilities distinction: The case for co-operatives. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 20(3), 274–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-646X.2009.01033.x

López-Espinosa, G., Maddocks, J., & Polo-Garrido, F. (2012). Co-operatives and the equity-liabilities puzzle: concerns for accounting standard-setters. Accounting Horizons, 26 4), 767–787. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-50208

Maddocks, J. (2007). Towards an international statement of recommended practice (iSORP) for co‑operative accounting and reporting (CEARC Working Paper 1). https://www.smu.ca/academics/sobey/cearc-published-papers.html

Maddocks, J. (2008). iSORP objectives, scope and purpose (CEARC Discussion Paper 1). https://www.smu.ca/academics/sobey/cearc-published-papers.html

Maddocks, J. (2019a). Accounting for co-operative community benefit: Where membership meets Community. Journal of Co-operative Studies, 52(2), 11–18

Maddocks, J. (2019b). Accounting for sweat equity. Journal of Co-operative Studies, 52(3), 20–25.

Maddocks, J. (2019c). Developing a co-operative accountability model. Journal of Co-operative Studies, 52(1), 13–19.

Maddocks, J., Robb, A. Hicks, E. & Webb, T. (2009a). Reporting on membership: Joining, participating in and leaving the co-op (CEARC iSORP Discussion Paper 4). https://www.smu.ca/webfiles/CEARC_iSORP_DP4_Joining_particpating_leaving_Mar_2009.pdf

Maddocks, J., Robb, A. Hicks, E. & Webb, T. (2009b). Reporting payments to members (CEARC iSORP Discussion Paper 3). https://www.smu.ca/academics/sobey/cearc-published-papers.html

Mayo, E. (2011). Co-operative performance. Sustainability Accounting. Management and Policy Journal, 2(1), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/20408021111162182

Mazzarol, T., Clark, D., Reboud, S., & Limnios, E. M. (2018). Developing a conceptual framework for the co-operative and mutual enterprise business model. Journal of Management and Organization, 24 4), 551–581. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.29

McCulloch, M. (2019). Accounting for co-operative purposes: Reclaiming the conversation. Concept paper on a SORP for co-operatives. International Journal of Co-operative Accounting and Management, 2 1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.36830/IJCAM.20191

Mills, C. (2009). Funding the Future: an alternative to capitalism. Mutuo. https://www.mutuo.coop/funding-the-future-an-alternative-to-capitalism-by-cliff-mills/

Morgan, G. G., (2012). Public benefit and charitable status: Assessing a 20-year process of reforming the primary legal framework for voluntary activity in the UK. Voluntary Sector Review, 3(1), 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1332/204080512X632737

Philp, K. (2004). The challenges of co-operative membership, social cohesion and globalization. In B. Fairbairn, & N. Russell (Eds.). Co-operative Membership and Globalisation (pp. 65–73). Centre for the Study of Co-operatives.

Rixon, D. (2013a). Are Co-operative Principles Reflected in Performance Reporting: A Case Study of Insurance Co-operatives. International Journal of Co-operative Management, 6(2), 77–91.

Rixon, D. (2013b). Credit union performance reporting in North America. Filene Research Institute.

Robb, A. (2012). Stewardship: The core of cooperative accounting. Journal of Co-operative Accounting and Reporting, 1(1), 19–27.

Robb, A., Maddocks, J. & Hicks, E. (2008). Reporting co-operative members’ funds (CEARC iSORP Discussion paper 2). https://www.smu.ca/academics/sobey/cearc-published-papers.html

Salamon, L. M. & Sokolowski, W., (2018). Beyond nonprofits: In search of the third sector. In B. Enjolras, L.M. Salamon, K.H. Sivesind & A. Zimmer (Eds.), The third sector as a renewable resource for Europe: Concepts, impacts, challenges and opportunities (pp. 7–48). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71473-8_2

Snaith, I. (Ed.). (2014). Handbook of co-operative and community benefit society law. Jordans.

Spencer, R. (2020). The public interest, the common good: A radical profession? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 67–68, Article 102146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2019.102146

Webb, J. T. (2017). Accounting for Co-operation. Journal of Co-operative Accounting and Reporting, 5(1), 102–115. https://www.smu.ca/academics/sobey/ijcam.html

UK Society for Co-operative Studies is registered in England and Wales as a charitable incorporated organisation Number 1175295. Our registered office is Holyoake House, Hanover Street, Manchester, M60 0AS.
Log in | Powered by White Fuse